Module 12.5: Trivy - The Swiss Army Knife of Security Scanning

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Complexity: [MEDIUM]

Time to Complete: 45-50 minutes

Prerequisites

Before starting this module, you should have completed:

DevSecOps Discipline - Security scanning concepts
Container fundamentals (images, Dockerfiles)
Basic Kubernetes knowledge
CI/CD basics

What You’ll Be Able to Do

After completing this module, you will be able to:

Deploy Trivy for comprehensive vulnerability scanning of container images, filesystems, and Git repositories
Configure Trivy in CI/CD pipelines with severity thresholds and ignore policies for practical scanning
Implement Trivy Operator for continuous Kubernetes cluster scanning with vulnerability and config audit reports
Compare Trivy’s open-source scanning against commercial alternatives for enterprise security requirements

Why This Module Matters

The Open Source Security Scanner That Does Everything

The security architect stared at her spreadsheet in disbelief. After three months of evaluating security tools, she had mapped out what her fintech startup needed to meet SOC2 requirements: Grype for container scanning ($0, but no IaC), Checkov for Terraform ($0, but no containers), Syft for SBOMs ($0, but separate from scanning), Gitleaks for secrets ($0, but another integration), and Snyk for the dashboard ($15,000/year for 30 developers).

“That’s five tools, five CI integrations, five different output formats, and $15K,” she reported to the CISO. “And we still need someone to correlate all the findings.”

“What about that Trivy thing Harbor uses?” the CISO asked.

She hadn’t seriously considered it—surely a free tool couldn’t do everything. But after a two-hour proof of concept, she deleted her spreadsheet. Trivy did container scanning, IaC scanning, SBOM generation, secret detection, and Kubernetes cluster scanning. One tool. One configuration. One output format.

The fintech passed their SOC2 audit with zero additional tooling costs. The security architect became Trivy’s biggest internal advocate—and eventually, an Aqua Security customer success story.

Trivy isn’t the deepest scanner in any single category, but it’s remarkably good across all of them. It’s completely free, backed by Aqua Security, and it’s become the default scanner in Harbor, AWS Inspector, and countless CI pipelines.

Did You Know?

Trivy started as a weekend project and became a CNCF project in 3 years — Teppei Fukuda, an Aqua Security engineer, built Trivy in 2019 because existing scanners were too slow and required too much setup. He optimized the vulnerability database download and caching until first scan ran in under 15 seconds. By 2022, Trivy had 15,000+ GitHub stars and joined the CNCF sandbox. Today it’s the most-starred container security project on GitHub.
AWS built Inspector on Trivy because they couldn’t beat it — When AWS launched the new Inspector in 2021, security researchers noticed something interesting: the vulnerability signatures matched Trivy exactly. AWS confirmed they use Trivy’s engine under the hood, adding their own database updates. Even Amazon couldn’t build a better scanner—so they adopted the open source one.
Harbor chose Trivy after a year-long evaluation that tested 8 scanners — The Harbor team evaluated Clair, Anchore, Aqua Scanner, and five others before selecting Trivy as the default. The deciding factors: scan speed (10x faster than Clair), accuracy (lowest false positive rate), and operational simplicity (single binary, no database server required).
The Log4Shell incident made Trivy famous overnight — On December 9, 2021, the Log4j vulnerability (CVE-2021-44228) was disclosed. Within 4 hours, Trivy had detection rules. Within 24 hours, thousands of companies had run trivy fs --scanners vuln . for the first time. Trivy downloads spiked 400% that week—and many of those emergency users became permanent adopters.
In March 2026, Trivy itself was compromised in the TeamPCP supply chain attack — Threat actor TeamPCP rewrote Git tags in the trivy-action GitHub Action repository, pointing tag v0.69.4 to a malicious release. The compromised action exfiltrated CI/CD secrets from any pipeline that used trivy-action@latest or an unpinned tag. The most high-profile victim was LiteLLM (3.4M daily PyPI downloads), whose stolen PYPI_PUBLISH token was used to push backdoored packages that deployed persistent pods into victim Kubernetes clusters. The incident proved that even trusted security tools can become attack vectors — and that pinning GitHub Actions to commit SHAs (not tags) is not optional. See Module 4.4: Supply Chain Security for the full postmortem.

What Trivy Scans

TRIVY CAPABILITIES
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                        TRIVY TARGETS                             │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│                                                                  │
│  CONTAINER IMAGES                                               │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  • OS packages (Alpine, Debian, Ubuntu, RHEL, etc.)       │  │
│  │  • Language packages (npm, pip, gem, etc.)                │  │
│  │  • Licenses                                                │  │
│  │  • Secrets embedded in images                             │  │
│  │  • Misconfigurations                                      │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
│                                                                  │
│  FILESYSTEMS & REPOSITORIES                                     │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  • Dependencies (package-lock.json, go.sum, etc.)         │  │
│  │  • Secrets in code                                         │  │
│  │  • IaC misconfigurations                                  │  │
│  │  • License compliance                                      │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
│                                                                  │
│  KUBERNETES                                                     │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  • Cluster misconfigurations                              │  │
│  │  • Workload vulnerabilities                               │  │
│  │  • RBAC analysis                                          │  │
│  │  • Network policies                                       │  │
│  │  • Secrets in cluster                                     │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
│                                                                  │
│  INFRASTRUCTURE AS CODE                                         │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  • Terraform                                               │  │
│  │  • CloudFormation                                          │  │
│  │  • Kubernetes YAML                                         │  │
│  │  • Helm charts                                             │  │
│  │  • Docker Compose                                          │  │
│  │  • Ansible                                                 │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
│                                                                  │
│  SBOM                                                           │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  • Generate CycloneDX                                      │  │
│  │  • Generate SPDX                                           │  │
│  │  • Scan existing SBOMs                                     │  │
│  │  • Attestations                                            │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
│                                                                  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

Installation

# macOS (Homebrew)
brew install trivy

# Linux (apt)
sudo apt-get install wget apt-transport-https gnupg lsb-release
wget -qO - https://aquasecurity.github.io/trivy-repo/deb/public.key | sudo apt-key add -
echo deb https://aquasecurity.github.io/trivy-repo/deb $(lsb_release -sc) main | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list.d/trivy.list
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install trivy

# Linux (script)
curl -sfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aquasecurity/trivy/main/contrib/install.sh | sh -s -- -b /usr/local/bin

# Docker (no installation)
docker run aquasec/trivy image nginx:latest

# Verify installation
trivy version

Container Scanning

Basic Usage

# Scan an image
trivy image nginx:latest

# Scan local image (not from registry)
trivy image --input myapp.tar

# Scan with severity filter
trivy image --severity HIGH,CRITICAL nginx:latest

# Scan only OS packages
trivy image --vuln-type os nginx:latest

# Scan only language packages
trivy image --vuln-type library nginx:latest

# Output as JSON
trivy image --format json --output results.json nginx:latest

# Output as SARIF (for GitHub Security)
trivy image --format sarif --output trivy.sarif nginx:latest

Understanding Results

TRIVY CONTAINER SCAN OUTPUT
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

$ trivy image nginx:1.21

nginx:1.21 (debian 11.2)
========================
Total: 142 (UNKNOWN: 0, LOW: 98, MEDIUM: 31, HIGH: 11, CRITICAL: 2)

┌───────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────┬────────────────┐
│      Library      │  Vulnerability   │ Severity │ Fixed Version  │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────┼────────────────┤
│ curl              │ CVE-2023-38545  │ CRITICAL │ 7.74.0-1.3+deb │
│                   │                  │          │ 11u10          │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────┼────────────────┤
│ openssl           │ CVE-2023-5678   │ HIGH     │ 1.1.1n-0+deb11 │
│                   │                  │          │ u5             │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────┼────────────────┤
│ ...               │ ...              │ ...      │ ...            │
└───────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────┴────────────────┘

Node.js (package.json)
======================
Total: 5 (HIGH: 3, MEDIUM: 2)

┌───────────────────┬──────────────────┬──────────┬────────────────┐
│      Library      │  Vulnerability   │ Severity │ Fixed Version  │
├───────────────────┼──────────────────┼──────────┼────────────────┤
│ lodash            │ CVE-2021-23337  │ HIGH     │ 4.17.21        │
│ axios             │ CVE-2021-3749   │ HIGH     │ 0.21.2         │
└───────────────────┴──────────────────┴──────────┴────────────────┘

Scanning Configuration

scan:
  # Skip update of vulnerability database
  skip-db-update: false

  # Scanners to use
  scanners:
    - vuln
    - secret
    - misconfig

severity:
  - CRITICAL
  - HIGH
  - MEDIUM

# Ignore unfixed vulnerabilities
ignore-unfixed: true

# Timeout
timeout: 10m

# Cache directory
cache-dir: /tmp/trivy-cache

# Exit code when vulnerabilities found
exit-code: 1

# Use config file
trivy image --config trivy.yaml nginx:latest

Filesystem Scanning

Scanning Source Code

# Scan current directory
trivy fs .

# Scan specific directory
trivy fs /path/to/project

# Include secrets scanning
trivy fs --scanners vuln,secret,misconfig .

# Scan for specific package types
trivy fs --pkg-types npm,pip .

Scanning Git Repositories

# Scan remote repository
trivy repo https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy

# Scan specific branch
trivy repo --branch develop https://github.com/myorg/myrepo

# Scan with commit (for reproducibility)
trivy repo --commit abc123 https://github.com/myorg/myrepo

Infrastructure as Code Scanning

Terraform

# Scan Terraform files
trivy config ./terraform/

# Scan with specific severity
trivy config --severity HIGH,CRITICAL ./terraform/

Example Terraform Findings

TRIVY IAC SCAN - TERRAFORM
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

$ trivy config ./terraform/

main.tf (terraform)
===================
Tests: 45 (SUCCESSES: 38, FAILURES: 7, EXCEPTIONS: 0)
Failures: 7 (HIGH: 3, MEDIUM: 4)

HIGH: S3 bucket does not have encryption enabled
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
A server-side encryption is not configured for S3 bucket.

File: main.tf
Line: 25-30

 25 │ resource "aws_s3_bucket" "data" {
 26 │   bucket = "my-data-bucket"
 27 │   acl    = "private"
 28 │ }

See: https://avd.aquasec.com/misconfig/avd-aws-0088

──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
HIGH: Security group allows ingress from 0.0.0.0/0
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Security group rule allows all traffic from 0.0.0.0/0

File: security.tf
Line: 12-20

 12 │ resource "aws_security_group_rule" "ssh" {
 13 │   type        = "ingress"
 14 │   from_port   = 22
 15 │   to_port     = 22
 16 │   protocol    = "tcp"
 17 │   cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]  # BAD!
 18 │ }

Kubernetes Manifests

# Scan Kubernetes YAML
trivy config ./k8s/

# Scan Helm chart
trivy config ./helm/mychart/

Example Kubernetes Findings

TRIVY K8S CONFIG SCAN
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

deployment.yaml (kubernetes)
============================
Tests: 23 (SUCCESSES: 18, FAILURES: 5)

HIGH: Container runs as root
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Running as root gives the container full access to the host

File: deployment.yaml
Line: 25

 23 │   containers:
 24 │   - name: app
 25 │     securityContext:
 26 │       runAsUser: 0  # BAD!

Recommendation:
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    runAsUser: 1000

──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MEDIUM: Container has no resource limits
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Resource limits prevent container from consuming excess resources

File: deployment.yaml
Line: 24-30

Recommendation:
  resources:
    limits:
      cpu: "500m"
      memory: "512Mi"
    requests:
      cpu: "100m"
      memory: "128Mi"

Secret Detection

# Scan for secrets in filesystem
trivy fs --scanners secret .

# Scan container image for secrets
trivy image --scanners secret nginx:latest

# Scan Git repository history
trivy repo --scanners secret https://github.com/myorg/myrepo

Example Secret Findings

SECRET SCAN RESULTS
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

$ trivy fs --scanners secret .

Secrets Found: 3

─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
HIGH: AWS Access Key ID
Category: AWS
File: config/prod.env
Line: 5

 5 │ AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE

─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
HIGH: Private Key
Category: Asymmetric Private Key
File: certs/server.key
Line: 1

 1 │ -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
MEDIUM: Generic API Key
Category: Generic
File: src/api.js
Line: 23

 23 │ const API_KEY = "sk_live_abcd1234567890";

SBOM Generation

Creating SBOMs

# Generate CycloneDX SBOM
trivy image --format cyclonedx --output sbom.json nginx:latest

# Generate SPDX SBOM
trivy image --format spdx-json --output sbom.spdx.json nginx:latest

# Generate SBOM for filesystem
trivy fs --format cyclonedx --output sbom.json .

# Generate SBOM with VEX (Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange)
trivy image --format cyclonedx --output sbom.json --vex vex.json nginx:latest

Scanning Existing SBOMs

# Scan a CycloneDX SBOM for vulnerabilities
trivy sbom sbom.json

# Scan SPDX SBOM
trivy sbom sbom.spdx.json

Kubernetes Cluster Scanning

Trivy Operator

# Install Trivy Operator
helm repo add aqua https://aquasecurity.github.io/helm-charts/
helm repo update

helm install trivy-operator aqua/trivy-operator \
  --namespace trivy-system \
  --create-namespace \
  --set trivy.ignoreUnfixed=true

# View vulnerability reports
kubectl get vulnerabilityreports -A
kubectl get configauditreports -A
kubectl get exposedsecretreports -A

Manual Cluster Scanning

# Scan cluster (requires kubeconfig)
trivy k8s cluster

# Scan specific namespace
trivy k8s --namespace production cluster

# Scan specific resources
trivy k8s --include-namespaces default deployment/nginx

# Generate report
trivy k8s cluster --report summary

Example Cluster Report

KUBERNETES CLUSTER SCAN
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

$ trivy k8s cluster --report summary

Summary Report
==============

Namespace: default
┌────────────────┬───────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│    Resource    │ Critical  │   High   │  Medium  │   Low    │
├────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┤
│ nginx-deploy   │     0     │    3     │    12    │    45    │
│ redis          │     2     │    5     │    8     │    23    │
│ postgres       │     1     │    7     │    15    │    34    │
└────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┘

Misconfigurations:
┌────────────────┬───────────┬──────────┬──────────┬──────────┐
│    Resource    │ Critical  │   High   │  Medium  │   Low    │
├────────────────┼───────────┼──────────┼──────────┼──────────┤
│ nginx-deploy   │     0     │    2     │    3     │    1     │
│ redis          │     1     │    1     │    2     │    0     │
└────────────────┴───────────┴──────────┴──────────┴──────────┘

CI/CD Integration

GitHub Actions

name: Security Scan

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Trivy filesystem scan
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          scan-type: 'fs'
          scan-ref: '.'
          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH'
          format: 'sarif'
          output: 'trivy-fs.sarif'

      - name: Build image
        run: docker build -t myapp:${{ github.sha }} .

      - name: Trivy image scan
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: 'myapp:${{ github.sha }}'
          format: 'sarif'
          output: 'trivy-image.sarif'
          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH'
          exit-code: '1'  # Fail on findings

      - name: Trivy config scan
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          scan-type: 'config'
          scan-ref: './terraform'
          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH'
          format: 'sarif'
          output: 'trivy-config.sarif'

      - name: Upload to GitHub Security
        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v2
        with:
          sarif_file: '.'

GitLab CI

stages:
  - scan

trivy-scan:
  stage: scan
  image:
    name: aquasec/trivy:latest
    entrypoint: [""]
  script:
    # Filesystem scan
    - trivy fs --exit-code 0 --severity HIGH,CRITICAL .

    # Image scan
    - trivy image --exit-code 1 --severity CRITICAL $CI_REGISTRY_IMAGE:$CI_COMMIT_SHA

    # Config scan
    - trivy config --exit-code 0 --severity HIGH,CRITICAL ./terraform/
  artifacts:
    reports:
      container_scanning: gl-container-scanning-report.json

Jenkins Pipeline

pipeline {
    agent any

    stages {
        stage('Security Scan') {
            steps {
                sh '''
                    # Install Trivy
                    curl -sfL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/aquasecurity/trivy/main/contrib/install.sh | sh -s -- -b /usr/local/bin

                    # Scan filesystem
                    trivy fs --severity HIGH,CRITICAL --exit-code 0 .

                    # Build and scan image
                    docker build -t myapp:${BUILD_NUMBER} .
                    trivy image --severity CRITICAL --exit-code 1 myapp:${BUILD_NUMBER}

                    # Scan IaC
                    trivy config --severity HIGH,CRITICAL ./terraform/
                '''
            }
        }
    }

    post {
        always {
            archiveArtifacts artifacts: '**/trivy-*.json', allowEmptyArchive: true
        }
    }
}

Ignoring Findings

Using .trivyignore

# Ignore specific CVE
CVE-2023-12345

# Ignore with expiration
CVE-2023-67890 exp:2024-12-31

# Ignore by package
pkg:npm/lodash@4.17.20

# Ignore misconfig by ID
AVD-AWS-0088

Using VEX (Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange)

{
  "@context": "https://openvex.dev/ns/v0.2.0",
  "@id": "https://example.com/vex/myapp",
  "author": "Security Team",
  "timestamp": "2024-01-15T00:00:00Z",
  "statements": [
    {
      "vulnerability": {
        "@id": "CVE-2023-12345"
      },
      "products": [
        {
          "@id": "pkg:docker/myapp@1.0.0"
        }
      ],
      "status": "not_affected",
      "justification": "vulnerable_code_not_in_execute_path",
      "impact_statement": "The vulnerable function is not called in our code"
    }
  ]
}

# Use VEX file
trivy image --vex vex.json myapp:latest

War Story: The Registry Gate

How a healthcare company saved $2.1M in compliance costs with a free tool

The Situation

A 200-person healthcare company processing $340M in annual claims was facing a crisis. Their HIPAA compliance audit was in 90 days, and the auditor’s preliminary report was damning: “No documented evidence that container images are scanned before production deployment. No software bill of materials. No vulnerability tracking.”

The estimated cost to fix this with commercial tools:

Snyk Enterprise: $180K/year (200 developers × $75/month)
Additional SBOM tooling: $40K/year
Compliance dashboard: $35K/year
Integration consulting: $100K one-time

The CISO looked at the $455K first-year estimate and wondered if there was another way.

The Architecture

SECURE IMAGE PIPELINE
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     DEVELOPER PUSHES CODE                        │
└────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┘
                             │
                             ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     CI PIPELINE (GitHub Actions)                 │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  1. Build image                                            │  │
│  │  2. Trivy scan (fail on CRITICAL)                         │  │
│  │  3. Generate SBOM                                          │  │
│  │  4. Sign with Cosign                                       │  │
│  │  5. Push to staging registry                               │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
└────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┘
                             │
                             ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     HARBOR REGISTRY                              │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  • Trivy scanner enabled                                   │  │
│  │  • Block images with CRITICAL vulns                       │  │
│  │  • Verify Cosign signatures                               │  │
│  │  • Store SBOM with image                                  │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
└────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┘
                             │
                             ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     KUBERNETES ADMISSION                         │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  Kyverno policy:                                          │  │
│  │  • Only allow images from Harbor                          │  │
│  │  • Require signature verification                         │  │
│  │  • Require scan timestamp < 24h                           │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
└────────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────────────┘
                             │
                             ▼
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     PRODUCTION CLUSTER                           │
│  ┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐  │
│  │  Trivy Operator:                                          │  │
│  │  • Continuous scanning of running images                  │  │
│  │  • Alert on new vulnerabilities                           │  │
│  │  • Generate compliance reports                            │  │
│  └───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘  │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

The Implementation

# CI: GitHub Actions
name: Secure Build

on: [push]

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Build image
        run: docker build -t ${{ env.IMAGE }}:${{ github.sha }} .

      - name: Trivy scan
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: '${{ env.IMAGE }}:${{ github.sha }}'
          exit-code: '1'
          severity: 'CRITICAL'
          format: 'json'
          output: 'trivy-results.json'

      - name: Generate SBOM
        run: |
          trivy image --format cyclonedx \
            --output sbom.json \
            ${{ env.IMAGE }}:${{ github.sha }}

      - name: Sign image
        run: |
          cosign sign --key env://COSIGN_KEY \
            ${{ env.IMAGE }}:${{ github.sha }}

      - name: Attach SBOM
        run: |
          cosign attach sbom --sbom sbom.json \
            ${{ env.IMAGE }}:${{ github.sha }}

      - name: Push to Harbor
        run: |
          docker push ${{ env.IMAGE }}:${{ github.sha }}

# Kyverno admission policy
apiVersion: kyverno.io/v1
kind: ClusterPolicy
metadata:
  name: require-scanned-images
spec:
  validationFailureAction: enforce
  rules:
    - name: check-trivy-scan
      match:
        resources:
          kinds:
            - Pod
      verifyImages:
        - imageReferences:
            - "harbor.example.com/*"
          attestations:
            - predicateType: cosign.sigstore.dev/attestation/vuln/v1
              conditions:
                - all:
                  # No critical vulnerabilities
                  - key: "{{ scanner.result.criticalCount }}"
                    operator: Equals
                    value: "0"
                  # Scan within last 24 hours
                  - key: "{{ time_since('', scanner.scanTime, '', 'h') }}"
                    operator: LessThan
                    value: "24"

Results

Metric	Before	After
Critical vulns in prod	Unknown	0
Mean time to patch	2 weeks	4 hours
Compliance audit prep	2 weeks	Automated
Images blocked/month	0	~50
Developer friction	None	Minimal (clear feedback)

Financial Impact (5-Year TCO):

Category	Commercial Approach	Trivy Approach
Year 1 tooling + setup	$455,000	$25,000 (Harbor + Kyverno setup)
Years 2-5 licensing	$1,020,000 ($255K × 4)	$0
Ongoing maintenance	$120,000	$45,000
5-Year Total	$1,595,000	$70,000
Savings		$1,525,000

The HIPAA audit passed with zero findings. The company used the savings to fund a dedicated platform security engineer who expanded the Trivy implementation to their data science infrastructure.

Three years later, the same setup—with zero licensing costs—had processed 2.3 million container scans, generated 890,000 SBOMs, and blocked 4,200 vulnerable images from production.

Lessons Learned

Shift left, but also shift right - Scan in CI AND continuously in cluster
Block critical only - High/Medium in CI would cause too much friction
SBOM enables future scans - When new CVE drops, scan existing SBOMs
Signatures prevent bypass - Can’t skip CI and push directly
Clear feedback matters - Developers need actionable results, not just “blocked”

Trivy vs Alternatives

SCANNER COMPARISON
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

                    Trivy       Grype       Clair       Snyk
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
TARGETS
Container images    ✓✓          ✓✓          ✓           ✓
Filesystems         ✓           ✓           ✗           ✓
Git repos           ✓           ✗           ✗           ✓
IaC scanning        ✓✓          ✗           ✗           ✓
K8s clusters        ✓✓          ✗           ✗           ✗
SBOM generation     ✓✓          ✓ (Syft)    ✗           ✓
Secret scanning     ✓           ✗           ✗           ✗

FEATURES
Speed               Fast        Fastest     Medium      Medium
Offline mode        ✓           ✓           ✗           ✗
Custom policies     ✓ (Rego)    ✗           ✗           ✓
CI integration      ✓✓          ✓           ✓           ✓✓
IDE integration     ✓           ✗           ✗           ✓✓
Auto-fix            ✗           ✗           ✗           ✓✓

PRICING
Free                ✓           ✓           ✓           Tiered
Commercial support  Aqua        Anchore     CoreOS      Snyk

BEST FOR:
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
Trivy:    All-in-one, Kubernetes-native, free
Grype:    Speed-focused, SBOM ecosystem (with Syft)
Clair:    Legacy, Quay registry integration
Snyk:     Developer experience, auto-fix, IDE

Common Mistakes

Mistake	Why It’s Bad	Better Approach
Blocking on all severities	Everything blocked, developers bypass	Block CRITICAL only, alert on HIGH
No .trivyignore	Same false positives repeatedly	Document accepted risks
Scanning without caching	Slow CI, redundant downloads	Use Trivy cache, GitHub cache action
Only scanning in CI	New CVEs affect running containers	Deploy Trivy Operator
Ignoring IaC findings	Misconfigs as dangerous as vulns	Include config scanning
No SBOM generation	Can’t track what’s deployed	Generate SBOM with every build
Human review of all findings	Doesn’t scale	Automated policies, exceptions
Different tools per target	Inconsistent results, more work	Trivy handles most targets

Hands-On Exercise

Task: Implement Full Trivy Pipeline

Objective: Set up Trivy for comprehensive security scanning across code, containers, and config.

Success Criteria:

Filesystem scan running
Container image scan with SBOM
IaC scan for Terraform/Kubernetes
.trivyignore configured for accepted risks

Steps

# 1. Create test project
mkdir trivy-lab && cd trivy-lab

# 2. Create vulnerable Dockerfile
cat > Dockerfile << 'EOF'
FROM node:16
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm install
COPY . .
CMD ["node", "server.js"]
EOF

# 3. Create package.json with vulnerable deps
cat > package.json << 'EOF'
{
  "name": "trivy-lab",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "4.17.1",
    "lodash": "4.17.20"
  }
}
EOF

# 4. Create Terraform with misconfig
mkdir terraform
cat > terraform/main.tf << 'EOF'
resource "aws_s3_bucket" "data" {
  bucket = "my-data-bucket"
}

resource "aws_security_group" "web" {
  name = "web-sg"

  ingress {
    from_port   = 22
    to_port     = 22
    protocol    = "tcp"
    cidr_blocks = ["0.0.0.0/0"]
  }
}
EOF

# 5. Create Kubernetes manifest
mkdir k8s
cat > k8s/deployment.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: web
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: web
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: web
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: web
        image: nginx:latest
        securityContext:
          runAsUser: 0
          privileged: true
EOF

# 6. Install Trivy
brew install trivy  # or your preferred method

# 7. Run filesystem scan
trivy fs --scanners vuln,secret .

# 8. Build and scan image
docker build -t trivy-lab:latest .
trivy image trivy-lab:latest

# 9. Generate SBOM
trivy image --format cyclonedx --output sbom.json trivy-lab:latest

# 10. Scan IaC
trivy config ./terraform/
trivy config ./k8s/

# 11. Create .trivyignore for accepted risks
cat > .trivyignore << 'EOF'
# Accept this CVE until patch available
CVE-2023-12345 exp:2024-06-30

# False positive in our context
AVD-AWS-0088
EOF

# 12. Re-run with ignore file
trivy config ./terraform/  # Should skip AVD-AWS-0088

Verification

# Verify findings were detected
trivy fs . --severity CRITICAL,HIGH | grep -c "vulnerability"

# Verify SBOM was created
cat sbom.json | jq '.components | length'

# Verify IaC issues found
trivy config ./terraform/ | grep -c "FAIL"

Quiz

Question 1

What types of targets can Trivy scan?

Show Answer

Container images, filesystems, Git repos, Kubernetes clusters, IaC, and SBOMs

Trivy is an all-in-one scanner that covers:

Container images (OS packages + language packages)
Filesystems and Git repositories
Infrastructure as Code (Terraform, CloudFormation, K8s, Helm)
Running Kubernetes clusters
Existing SBOMs (CycloneDX, SPDX)

This eliminates the need for multiple specialized tools.

Question 2

What is the Trivy Operator?

Show Answer

A Kubernetes operator for continuous security scanning of cluster workloads

The Trivy Operator:

Automatically scans new workloads when deployed
Creates VulnerabilityReports as Kubernetes CRDs
Scans for misconfigurations (ConfigAuditReports)
Detects exposed secrets (ExposedSecretReports)
Enables continuous monitoring, not just CI/CD scanning

Question 3

What formats does Trivy support for SBOM generation?

Show Answer

CycloneDX and SPDX

# CycloneDX
trivy image --format cyclonedx myapp:latest

# SPDX
trivy image --format spdx-json myapp:latest

SBOMs can also be scanned for vulnerabilities, allowing you to check existing software bills of materials.

Question 4

How does .trivyignore work?

Show Answer

A file listing CVEs or misconfig IDs to skip during scans

CVE-2023-12345          # Ignore this CVE
CVE-2023-67890 exp:2024-12-31  # Ignore until date
AVD-AWS-0088            # Ignore this misconfig

Entries can have expiration dates to ensure temporary exceptions are reviewed.

Question 5

What’s the difference between trivy fs and trivy repo?

Show Answer

fs scans local filesystems; repo scans remote Git repositories

trivy fs . - Scans the current directory
trivy fs /path/to/code - Scans a specific path
trivy repo https://github.com/org/repo - Clones and scans remote repo
trivy repo --branch dev https://... - Scans specific branch

repo is useful for scanning third-party code without cloning it first.

Question 6

How do you make Trivy fail a CI build on critical vulnerabilities?

Show Answer

Use --exit-code 1 with --severity CRITICAL

trivy image --exit-code 1 --severity CRITICAL myapp:latest

The command returns exit code 1 if any CRITICAL vulnerabilities are found, failing the CI step. You can also use:

--exit-code 0 - Always succeed (report only)
--ignore-unfixed - Skip vulnerabilities with no fix available

Question 7

What is VEX and how does Trivy use it?

Show Answer

Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange - a standard for documenting vulnerability applicability

VEX allows you to document that a CVE:

Doesn’t affect your product
Is not reachable in your code
Has been mitigated

trivy image --vex vex.json myapp:latest

Trivy respects VEX statements to suppress irrelevant findings with documented justification.

Question 8

Why use Trivy over specialized tools like Checkov (IaC) or Grype (containers)?

Show Answer

Single tool, unified configuration, consistent output across all targets

Benefits of Trivy’s all-in-one approach:

One tool to install and maintain
One configuration file format
One output format (JSON, SARIF, table)
Consistent severity ratings
Simpler CI/CD integration

Specialized tools might be deeper in one area, but Trivy is “good enough” for most use cases with less operational overhead.

Key Takeaways

All-in-one scanner - Containers, filesystems, IaC, secrets, SBOM
Free and open source - CNCF project, no licensing costs
Fast and lightweight - Single binary, minimal dependencies
Built into Harbor - Default scanner for enterprise registries
Kubernetes-native - Operator for continuous cluster scanning
SBOM generation included - CycloneDX and SPDX
VEX support - Document vulnerability applicability
Multiple output formats - JSON, SARIF, table, template
Ignore files for exceptions - Document accepted risks
Exit codes for CI gates - Fail on specific severities

Next Steps

Related: Module 13.1: Harbor - Registry with Trivy integration
Related: Module 4.4: Supply Chain Security - SBOM and signing
Related: Module 12.4: Snyk - Compare with commercial alternative

Module 12.5: Trivy - The Swiss Army Knife of Security Scanning

Complexity: [MEDIUM]

Time to Complete: 45-50 minutes

Prerequisites

What You’ll Be Able to Do

Why This Module Matters

Did You Know?

What Trivy Scans

Installation

Container Scanning

Basic Usage

Understanding Results

Scanning Configuration

Filesystem Scanning

Scanning Source Code

Scanning Git Repositories

Infrastructure as Code Scanning

Terraform

Example Terraform Findings

Kubernetes Manifests

Example Kubernetes Findings

Secret Detection

Example Secret Findings

SBOM Generation

Creating SBOMs

Scanning Existing SBOMs

Kubernetes Cluster Scanning

Trivy Operator

Manual Cluster Scanning

Example Cluster Report

CI/CD Integration

GitHub Actions

GitLab CI

Jenkins Pipeline

Ignoring Findings

Using .trivyignore

Using VEX (Vulnerability Exploitability eXchange)

War Story: The Registry Gate

The Situation

The Architecture

The Implementation

Results

Lessons Learned

Trivy vs Alternatives

Common Mistakes

Hands-On Exercise

Task: Implement Full Trivy Pipeline

Steps

Verification

Quiz

Question 1

Question 2

Question 3

Question 4

Question 5

Question 6

Question 7

Question 8

Key Takeaways

Next Steps

Further Reading